RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Limited data are available to assist the selection between immune checkpoint inhibitors and BRAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors as first-line treatment for patients with BRAF-mutant advanced malignant melanoma. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the outcomes associated with first-line pembrolizumab or dabrafenib/trametinib treatment for advanced melanoma with activating BRAF V600 mutation. METHODS: Data of patients with BRAF V600-mutant melanoma who were treated with first-line pembrolizumab (n = 40) or dabrafenib/trametinib (n = 32) were analyzed. Tumor response, progression-free survival, and overall survival were evaluated. Immune evasion accompanied with emerging resistance to BRAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors was assessed. RESULTS: A longer overall survival was observed after first-line pembrolizumab treatment than after first-line dabrafenib/trametinib treatment (hazard ratio = 2.910, 95% CI: 1.552-5.459), although there were no significant differences in progression-free survival (P = .375) and response rate (P = .123). Emergence of resistance to dabrafenib/trametinib co-occurred with immune evasion, enabling melanoma cells to escape recognition and killing by Melan-A-specific CD8+ T cells. LIMITATIONS: Analysis was conducted in a retrospective manner. CONCLUSION: Pembrolizumab may be recommended over BRAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors as the first-line treatment in patients with advanced BRAF V600-mutant melanoma.
Assuntos
Melanoma , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Humanos , Imidazóis , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico , Antígeno MART-1 , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma/genética , Melanoma/patologia , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno , Mutação , Oximas/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/genética , Piridonas/efeitos adversos , Pirimidinonas , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias Cutâneas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologiaRESUMO
Redox-active metal ions are pivotal for rapid metabolism, proliferation, and aggression across cancer types, and this presents metal chelation as an attractive cancer cell-targeting strategy. Here, we identify a metal chelator, KS10076, as a potent anti-cancer drug candidate. A metal-bound KS10076 complex with redox potential for generating hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions induces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). The elevation of ROS by KS10076 promotes the destabilization of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, removes aldehyde dehydrogenase isoform 1-positive cancer stem cells, and subsequently induces autophagic cell death. Bioinformatic analysis of KS10076 susceptibility in pan-cancer cells shows that KS10076 potentially targets cancer cells with increased mitochondrial function. Furthermore, patient-derived organoid models demonstrate that KS10076 efficiently represses cancer cells with active KRAS, and fluorouracil resistance, which suggests clinical advantages.
Assuntos
Morte Celular Autofágica , Fator de Transcrição STAT3 , Família Aldeído Desidrogenase 1 , Apoptose , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Quelantes , Humanos , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Superóxidos/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIM: We previously identified KS40008 (4-(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-yl)benzene-1,2-diol), a novel inhibitor of dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase family (DYRK) 1A/B, which exhibited high enzymatic activity and cell proliferation-inhibitory effects in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the antitumor mechanisms of KS40008. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To assess the cytotoxicity of KS40008, we utilized a human cell line and organoid model and performed a CCK-8 assay and real-time cell analysis. Mitochondrial function was determined through mitochondrial staining, mito-stress test, and glycolysis test. In addition, we investigated the mechanisms of cancer cell death induced by KS40008 through immunoblotting, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, reactive oxygen species staining, and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: KS40008 exhibited significant cytotoxicity in CRC and non-CRC cell lines, and organoid models compared to 5-fluorouracil, a conventional chemotherapeutic drug. Moreover, KS40008-induced inhibition of DYRK1A/B led to mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress, promoting autophagic cancer cell death. CONCLUSION: KS40008 exerts antitumor activity through the inhibition of DYRK1A/B. Here, we demonstrated a mechanism by which KS40008 affects endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagy through the induction of mitochondrial stress, leading to cytotoxicity in CRC.
Assuntos
Morte Celular Autofágica/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológico , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Reprogramação Celular/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Retículo Endoplasmático/genética , Fluoruracila/farmacologia , Glicólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Redes e Vias Metabólicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Quinases DyrkRESUMO
As DYRK1A and 1B inhibitors, 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives were synthesized. Mostly, 3-aryl-5-arylamino compounds (6) and 3,5-diaryl compounds (8 and 9) were prepared and especially, 3,5-diaryl compound 8 and 9 showed excellent DYRK1B inhibitory enzymatic activities with IC50 Values of 3-287 nM. Among them, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl), 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine (8h) exhibited the highest inhibitory enzymatic activity (IC50 = 3 nM) and cell proliferation inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.6 µM) towards HCT116 colon cancer cells. Also compound 8h has excellent inhibitory activities in patient-derived colon cancer organoids model as well as in 3D spheroid assay model of SW480 and SW620. The docking study supported that we confirmed that compound 8h binds to DYRK1B through various hydrogen bonding interactions and hydrophobic interactions.